We’re all subject to impatience. Particularly when we’re anticipating a highly gratifying event, such as adding the first round of corals to a newly set up reef aquarium. Thankfully, using dry rock, it only takes a few extra days to help ensure a clean and pest-free system from the start. There’s even an added bonus: …
Refugium Education
Reef aquaria have gotten a lot more impressive over the years. Much of this owes to a greater awareness of, and emphasis on, the base of the natural marine food chain. This necessarily has also made reef aquaria a bit more complicated. Why? For the same reason we leave out a food dish, instead of a whole, open bag of food, for our dog. Control! At the lower base of the food chain—the very bottom, actually—are the primary producers. This role is played by various autotrophic bacteria, algae and plants. At the upper base of the chain are certain (usually tiny) intermediary organisms ranging from protists to microcrustaceans (e.g. copepods). In this model, the autotrophs “make” their own food energy and biomass from inorganic sources of energy (e.g. light) and inorganic carbon (e.g. carbon dioxide) respectively; the intermediary critters feed on this food source, transferring it up the food chain as they are consumed by predators such as small fish. Small fish get eaten by larger fish, and so on… The most amazing thing about all of this, especially in aquaria, is the efficiency with which nutrients are recycled. Waste products (excess nutrients originally sequestered by the primary producers) that are generated by the “consumers” along the way are all rediverted back into autotrophic pathways. This is where the refugium comes into play. The refugium is an auxiliary tank on your main, display tank. It serves as a sort of refuge for both primary producers and primary consumers (i.e. intermediaries) such as pods. There, desirable and beneficial macroalgae are cultivated out of the reach of large, gluttonous herbivores such as tangs. Pods proliferate there too, safe from the constant predatory pressure of small fishes like damsels, gobies, etc. Even so, as the pods reproduce, they drift out of the refugium into the main tank to continuously feed fishes, corals, and so on. As the macroalgal bed grows to maximal carrying capacity, it is harvested and either discarded or (better yet!) fed out as a nutritious live veggie for fish and invert herbivores in the main tank. In this section you will learn how a refugium planted with macroalgae improves aquarium water quality and compete with bad algae, how refugia support maximal pod populations and how to smartly install/operate refugia in your own aquarium system.
Pod vs Sock: Do Mechanical Filters Kill Copepods?
Considering that aquarium keeping is a mere nerdy pastime, it can be surprising that there are so many contentious issues amongst hobbyists. One such big “controversy” centers around the impact of mechanical filtration (especially filter socks) on zooplankton (especially copepods). Naturally, as one of the world’s largest commercial producers of copepods, we have a couple …
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Using MarinePure in the Aquarium, Sump and Refugium
Managing dissolved nutrients–especially ammonia, nitrite and nitrate–is among the major tasks of reef aquarium husbandry. Accomplishing this can be easy or difficult, cheap or expensive, depending upon how you go about it. And there are lots of ways an aquarist can go about this job. This ranges from operating planted refugia to performing massive regular …
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What are Coralline Algae?
There are all sorts of bad algae–hair, slime, turf–and they are widely recognized by aquarists as a manifest sign of poor water quality. On the other hand, a healthy growth of calcareous algae is regarded as desirable. Calcareous forms are slow-growing yet they compete for space with (and thereby suppress) all the ugly bad forms. …
Eliminating Algae with Siphonaria Limpets
In case you haven’t noticed, marine aquarium hobbyists have really upped their standards lately with respect to algal fouling. These much cleaner, healthier, natural-looking tanks surely are the fruit of numerous advancements in water filtration/treatment techniques. But we’ve slipped a few other cards under our sleeves, too; we’ve added an important new component to the …
Cryptic Zones in the Refugium
The planted refugium has gained a lot of traction among reef aquarists in recent years. This has largely been the result of a growing awareness of the need to control excess dissolved nutrients (e.g. nitrate and phosphate). As hobbyists experiment with specifics like macroalgae species selection, lighting regimes, etc., we continue to fine-tune refugium methodology, …
A Look at the Pom Pom Macroalgae
Of all the genera of macroalgae regularly used in planted refugia, Gracilaria quite arguably has the most representatives. While there are a few very soft and feathery varieties (most of which belong to the “ogos”), there are some Gracilaria spp. that are rather stiff and leafy. Perhaps the most popular of these fat-fronded varieties is …
Building Your Refugium Clean-Up Crew
No one ever said that keeping reef aquaria is totally uncomplicated. Especially keeping them clean! Sure, some maintenance approaches are simpler than others; natural methods are, for example, fairly effortless means to control nuisance algae, detritus and pests. Natural methods certainly require some research, planning and occasional monitoring; but for the most part, they involve …
4 Tips for Seeding Live Copepods
We get it… Copepods aren’t always cheap. Especially if you use a clean, high-quality, high-density, expertly packaged product with as many as four copepod species at various life stages (e.g. EcoPods!). But, using top-shelf products, you do get what you pay for. That’s why making a little extra effort to get the most out of …
The Marine Planted Tank: Creating Your Ocean Garden
You’ve successfully kept saltwater fish. Then you moved on to corals. Then, maybe you took on the slightly greater challenge of tridacnid clams or some other delicate or specialized species—with yet more success! What’s next? There are hundreds of thousands of animal species that inhabit our planet’s tropical coral reefs. Even the most advanced reef …
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Creating a Suitable Growing Space for Your Mangrove
As of late, a few varieties of mangrove have become more available to saltwater aquarium hobbyists. With this, it will likely be a bit more common to see one of these beautiful plants poking somewhere out of one’s aquarium system. However, as keeping mangroves becomes more common, there may develop a tendency for aquarists (especially …
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Purple Non-Sulfur Bacteria and Natural Aquarium Filtration
Bacteria are, to say the least, ubiquitous. They are in our guts. They are in just about every breath of air we take. They most certainly should (at least some types) be in our aquarium filtration systems. Yet, many aquarists remain a wee bit oblivious to the critical roles that bacteria and archaea play in …
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Eliminating Detritus in the Refugium
Ever feel like no matter how much time you spend cleaning your tank, it can never really ever get clean? Detritus build-ups can be especially frustrating as they seem to come from nowhere and seriously compromise the healthy and natural appearance of an otherwise beautiful exhibit. One solution is to construct the system in such …
Manipulating Nutrient Levels to Control Algal Growth
Ahhhh… A freshly set up and (just now) fully cycled marine aquarium. Nutrient Free, No algae. No slime. Clean, shiny, beautiful. Two weeks later? Maybe three? Algae. Slime. All over. You want your “old” tank back. Particularly in newer set ups, these issues are pretty typical. Some aquarists believe something is wrong if they don’t …
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A Sump AND a Refugium?
Our aquarium systems grow over time. It’s almost inevitable. It’s well-nigh organic. And we surely all hope that as they grow, they get better. One proven way to dramatically improve the functionality of an existing system is with the addition of a sump or refugium. The conventional overflow-with-sump/refugium plumbing design (we can call it a …
How to Set Up an Aquarium for a Green Mandarin Dragonet
I should have done this! I should have done that! Throughout your experience in the saltwater aquarium and reef hobby, you will be finding yourself commonly saying these things. Maybe you did not dip your corals, or you bought the wrong additives, or maybe you added a fish without properly preparing your tank. This fish …
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Sea Lettuce (Ulva lactuca): The Most Underappreciated Macroalgae?
The use of macroalgae in marine aquaria has steadily increased over the years. Ever since they have become more widespread in the aquarium hobby, they are increasingly being cultivated for specialized purposes. This specialization has generated the demand for a more diverse selection of “macros” with each species being preferred for a particular application. Some …
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Tig Pods: A Food for Many
The reef aquarium hobby continues to reach new heights. This is most evident by the extraordinarily beautiful systems we see on display in public places, in images on social media, in advertisements, and even in some homes. These advancements have come about not only through improved technologies and supplements, but also through a better understanding …
Water Flow in the Refugium
When it comes to setting up your refugium, there are plenty of considerations to make. You must select macroalgae species, clean-up crew species, a type of substrate (or none?), lighting and so on. Most of this planning is pretty fun. But, with so much to think about, and so many options, it might be easy …
A Beginner’s Guide to Setting up a Refugium
There are many benefits to building or creating a refugium in your saltwater aquarium. It allows for additional surface area for beneficial bacteria to grow, which filters out nitrates and nutrients in an efficient and natural way. They also provide a habitat for small beneficial organisms so they can reproduce without getting eaten. Algae is …