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You are here: Home / Advanced Education / R. palustris: The Do-All Aquarium Bacteria

R. palustris: The Do-All Aquarium Bacteria

by Kenneth Wingerter

The art of reef aquarium keeping has come a long way in a surprisingly short amount of time. These days, big developments in the trade seem to come one right after the other. Technological advancements in particular have enabled us to successfully maintain and even culture species thought impossible to keep just a decade ago.

As we’ve upped our game, we’ve refined our standards. That is, we are less preoccupied with “chasing parameters” and increasingly focusing on what really matters: The health of our “captive ecosystem.” That is, we don’t just want our systems to look like natural coral reefs, but also to function like them. And by what holistic criteria would one judge the health of an entire ecosystem, whether in the wild or in a glass box? By (1) its own capacity to cycle (and recycle) carbon and nutrients as well as (2) the nutritional/immunological wellbeing of all of its inhabitants, from the fishes and corals down to the countless, diverse microorganisms. 

This approach–the so-called natural reef aquarium method–is hardly new. It has, however, gained a lot of traction and has become much more sophisticated over the decades. No longer are we content just to toss in some unidentified “good” bacteria and shortly thereafter consider the tank “cycled” and complete. Rather, we understand that (just like on natural reefs) there is an unseen but nevertheless essential biological component to the system that is in perpetual flux. 

Specifically, the hobby has seen a surge of interest in microbial food webs. Given the strongly corallicentric direction the marine aquarium industry is heading, recent studies on the aquacultural applications of purple non-sulfur bacteria (PNSB) have been especially exciting.

By the end of this article, you certainly may find yourself wondering how in the hell the marine aquarium industry has failed to widely recognize the value of these microbes; we’re still asking ourselves the same question. East Asian fish and shrimp farmers have relied upon them pretty heavily for over 30 years. They’ve been known right here in the U.S. for some time owing to their usefulness in degrading sewage and industrial wastes. They’ve even been identified as a common coral symbiont. Yet, the most recent notable mention of them in aquarium literature (that we know of) is from a couple cryptic passages in the final volume of the classic trilogy The Reef Aquarium (Delbeek and Sprung, 2005). 

We totally get that you might just want to hear a summary of what PNSB (and PNS ProBio™) can do. But seriously, we’re about to make a LOT of claims. BIG claims. In sum (alright, just a wee spoiler), they (1) remove ammonia and nitrite, (2) remove nitrate and phosphate, (3) contain vitamins as well as essential fatty and amino acids, (4) are rich in carotenoids and (5) act as probiotics. It’s admittedly quite a bit to chew on, so let us take a few steps back and firstly describe what PNSB are and describe their place in the natural environment.

What is this stuff?

Even among prokaryotes, purple bacteria are incredibly ancient organisms. They (or very similar ancestors) first appeared on Earth around 3.2 to 3.5 billion years ago. These lifeforms certainly were obligate anaerobes, as there was no appreciable amount of oxygen in the atmosphere at that time; that would come much later, following the emergence of an oxygenic descendent of the purple bacteria, the cyanobacteria (which makes PNSB ancestral to all plants). 

But hey, an evolutionary history of a few billion years gives a little wiggle room for some adaptation. At least at a cellular level, they are far more advanced than any animal including us humans. They are indeed widely regarded as the most metabolically versatile organisms ever studied. Compared to the purple sulfur bacteria, the purple non-sulfur bacteria are (with a few exceptions) most adaptable. The extant “sulfurs” (mainly Chromatiaceae) are characteristically anaerobic and autotrophic, whereas their “non-sulfur” counterparts (Rhodospirillaceae and some Bradyrhizobiaceae) are mixotrophic and may subsist in either anaerobic or aerobic environments.  

As one might guess from their names, the sulfurs were discovered before the non-sulfurs. This distinction comes from the fact that the former they can use sulfur in the form of sulfide or thiosulfate as an electron donor during photosynthesis. Non-sulfurs, on the other hand, do not rely on sulfur in this manner and in fact can only tolerate it at much lower concentrations. 

A little bit everywhere

Probably among the most abundant and widely distributed of the PNSB is Rhodopseudomonas palustris. These rod-shaped, flagellated, Gram-negative rhizobia occur everywhere from marshy soils to the surfaces of plants and algae to the guts of sea anemones. It’s entirely possible that there millions of them on your body right now.

Their ubiquitousness in nature comes from their environmental adaptability, which comes from their ability to bounce between all four major metabolic pathways: chemoautotrophy, chemoheterotrophy, photoautotrophy and heteroautotrophy. It survives under widely ranging pH, temperatures and salinity. It is able to adapt to unfavorable light conditions. That all being said, even this extremely high degree of flexibility doesn’t quarantee a seat in any habitat. 

R. palustris, like any other species, must compete for space, food, etc. with other organisms. And let’s just say that the planet has changed a little since it first appeared in the primordial soup. Pliant as it is, it is most at home–and competitive–in anaerobic, moderately illuminated environments with plenty of organic matter around. As such, photoheterotrophy is its favored mode of metabolism.

Reef aquarium microhabitats

R. palustris may invade and successfully colonize numerous types of microhabitats within typical marine aquaria. Given the organism’s odd set of preferences, these hot spots are generally somewhat marginal. For the most part, it swims toward light and away from oxygen (it cannot perform photosynthesis in the presence of oxygen); then, once finding the Goldilocks zone, it moves along this interface in search of food (ideally an organic, rather than inorganic, source of carbon). 

These conditions prevail just under the uppermost layer of a sand bed or just below the surfaces of live rock. Purple bacteria and similar anaerobes very much favor calcium carbonate-based substrates due to their high porosity/permeability which allows just the right amount of solute exchange with the water column. Here, light just barely penetrates. A biofilm of aerobes over the exterior creates a perfect barrier to oxygen. If the purple non-sulfurs are so lucky, a film of purple sulfurs and/or green sulfurs might develop beneath them, thereby protecting them from hydrogen sufide that seeps up from sulfur-reducing bacteria (e.g. Desulfovibrio vulgaris) even deeper below. Tiny pockets in the rock, and interstitial space between sand grains, trap detrital particles, ensuring a good food source.

Left undisturbed, these subsurface films become evident as variously colored (dare we say pretty?) bands develop against the tank panels to resemble a winogradsky column. R. palustris may be appear as rusty orange to bright red to burgundy.

Ceramic biomedia with deep pore structures (such as MarinePure) or filter sponges provide a similar and acceptable microhabitat for R. palustris in particular and for anaerobes in general. These may be placed in any illuminated part of the aquarium system so long as water flows around, but not through, them.

R. palustris is very happy to live within detrital accumulations that commonly develop between/beneath live rock, in dead spots at the bottoms of sumps/refugia, etc. Such a powerful sludge digester that it is used to clear hog wastes, the settled particulates in aquarium systems are but a snack to this species. Its capacity for digesting lignocellulosic compounds is especially impressive; for example, it significantly reduces build-up of cellulose-based rubbish such as that which accumulates beneath the macroalgal bed in a planted refugium. It can also establish itself beneath and devour the sludgy films that envelope porous chemical filter media, thereby improving these products’ performance and increasing service life.

R. palustris is very often found growing in close association with algae and plants of all kinds. In most cases, this is a result of the latters’ secretion of exudates, whether as waste products or as allelopaths, which the bacteria scavenge as a food. In this capacity, R. palustris clears tinted aquarium water by reducing concentrations of dissolved “yellowing compounds.” It moreover protects animals from various inhibitory (especially polyphenolic) substances exuded by plants/algae (e.g. Caulerpa spp.). It is among relatively few organisms that is capable of degrading these aromatic compounds, actually eating them (consuming short-chain organic acids) despite their strong antimicrobial properties.

Perhaps the most unusual (and important) of places that R. palustris can establish itself in a reef aquarium is within the bodies of the animals themselves. Amazingly, this microbe ekes out a living–completely nonpathogenically–within the gut flora of fishes, as a symbiont within corals, etc.

Taking care of business

To return briefly to our original point, the marine aquarium hobby has been around for a sort of long time now. For sure, aquarists have come a long way; some aspire to go much further. It’s great that we’ve pretty much mastered the husbandry of beautiful, naturally plenteous stonies like Acropora; that being said, we still don’t even know where to begin with some beautiful, naturally plenteous softies such as Dendronephthya.

But we’re getting there. As we continue to progress as aquarists, we’ll need better and better tools. And that certainly won’t always mean devising novel gadgetry; we can (as in many past instances) refine this art simply by taking a closer look at what Nature does.  

As regards natural tools, Rhodopseudomonas palustris is like a freaking Swiss Army knife. We shall here conclude by elaborating upon the five major contributions R. palustris can make in reef aquarium systems.

  1.  Nitrogen cycling

Nutrient-rich (i.e. polluted) coral reefs are not coral reefs for very long due to one factor–algal growth. Corals (especially reef-building corals) derive most of their fixed nitrogen not from the seawater but rather from an internal source–but we’ll get to that in a just a bit.

Once upon a time, we didn’t think too deeply about aquarium microbiology beyond getting our systems “cycled” (i.e. populated with large colonies of obligately aerobic nitrifying bacteria), even if we were left with lots of nitrate; no ammonia/nitrite=no problem. Then, low-nutrient (e.g. low-nitrate) systems became another way to go. Now, low-nutrient systems are the way to go. This isn’t as much a new trend as it is a new capability; thanks to improved technology/husbandry practices, oligotrophic (very nutrient-poor) conditions are possible to maintain in aquaria. 

R. palustris is most valuable in the aquarium microbial community for its ability to remove ammonia and nitrite from anoxic areas of the system. This is a photoassimilative process, meaning that they take up nitrogenous compounds into their bodies rather than converting them into nitrate (i.e. algae fertilizer). R. palustris assimilates both ammonia and ammonium. It is even positively chemotaxic to nitrite (e.g. swims toward it). Though it is a heterotroph, it will not compete with nitrifiers in your “biofilter” as it strongly prefers anaerobic environments. Indeed, its presence seems to impact the whole microbial community in a manner that promotes stability and improves general water quality. 

  1. Nitrate/phosphate removal 

A good many aquarists struggle to keep nitrate and phosphate levels in check. That is why so many would benefit from the use of R. palustris. This species safely removes nitrate in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Yes, same for phosphate. In so doing, it competes effectively with nuisance algae and prolongs the life of certain kinds of chemical filter media. It is faster-acting and easier to culture than true denitrifying bacteria (e.g. Thiobacillus).

  1. Nutrition

Here’s an area where R. palustris really excels. One study found it to be quite rich in protein–72-74%! On top of that, it’s full of the essential fatty acids stearic and oleic acid. It also contains a lot of amino acids such as aspartate. All this wholesomeness is readily digestible since the organism (being a bacterium and not an alga) has no tough, cellulose-based cell wall.

It gets even better. Marine ecologists have always wondered how corals (especially stony corals) could be so productive in such oligotrophic waters. They only learned why fairly recently: Nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

The most astounding thing about R. palustris is that it is a pretty damn good diazotroph (i.e. nitrogen fixer). Just like the rhizobial bacteria that live within the root nodules of leguminous plants (and to which it is closely related), it can create ammonia from nitrogen gas. 

Wait… it makes ammonia? Isn’t that bad? Not in the least! It’s not just “not bad” but pretty awesome. This is because (1) the process is energetically expensive and carried out only under acute nitrogen starvation and (2) it does not occur within the water column but rather the inside of corals where nutrients are immediately taken up and utilized by the hungry zooxanthellae. As in natural, nutrient-poor reef environments, this arrangement allows for the high productivity of endosymbiotic algae (i.e. zooxanthellae) while contributing nothing to the growth of benthic (e.g. film and turf) algae.

An integral part of the so-called coral holobiont, these bacteria consume organic wastes secreted by its host while supplying a continuous source of fixed nitrogen to the zooxanthellae. R. palustris is one of several diazotrophs commonly observed living in the mucus, tissues and skeleton of corals.

  1. Carotenoid supplementation

For those filter-feeders that sift it from the water column (corals, sponges, clams, etc.), and the detritivores that consume it along with the detritus (copepods, amphipods, isopods, etc.), and also for those fish that eat pods (mandains, seahorses, gobies, etc.), R. palustris confers additional benefits in the form of carotenoid pigments. 

Pigments such as astaxanthin are literally worth their weight in gold, and one of the big reasons for this is that they are fantastic colorants. Consumed in a manner that leaves intact their bioavailablity, they can really brighten an animal up (especially reds and oranges). But that’s hardly all. The pigments in R. palustris have been found to be powerful antioxidants with impressive free radical scavenging capability. Some of these pigments are also formidable antimicrobials, capable of killing both gram-positive and gram-negative enemy microbes.

  1. Probiotic protection

This microbe isn’t joking around when it comes to protecting its turf. In addition to its carotenoids, it synthesizes actual, potent antibiotics. This includes streptomycin, to which even antibiotic-resistant strains of Vibrio are sensitive. This has huge implications for aquarium keeping and aquaculture, as Vibrio is believed to be responsible for numerous deadly afflictions such as rapid tissue necrosis (RTN) in corals, acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) in shrimp, flesh erosion disease in seahorses, and so on. Because it is known to remain viable in the animal gut, it can be added to fish or coral feed for direct probiotic support.

Using R. palustris in the reef tank

With the availability of PNS ProBio™, a carotenoid-rich live Rhodopseudomonas palustris culture, there has never been a better time to take your reef system in a new, more natural direction. This quality product is used to cycle, establish and mature new systems; it can alternately be used to purify and revitalize old systems. It is just as effective in freshwater as it is in marine aquaria!

Here’s a rundown of the major benefits of this ancient super-microbe: 

  • Proven to support rapid and complete nitrogen cycling from ammonia through nitrate.
  • Proven to aggressively take up phosphate.
  • Proven to provide excellent and highly digestible nutrition for diverse aquatic species, being rich in protein, amino acids, fatty acids and B vitamins.
  • Proven to promote coral growth as a symbiotic diazotroph.
  • Loaded with carotenoid pigments that are proven to provide color, antioxidant activity and disease prevention.
  • Armed with antibiotics with proven effectiveness against highly virulent pathogens such as Vibrio.

Of course, there are no purple non-sulfur bacteria that can raise a poorly maintained aquarium from the grave. It competes with, but cannot immediately eradicate, unwanted algae. It helps to prevent disease but is not a medication. It might not be capable of keeping nitrate and phosphate concentrations near zero if the tank is chronically overstocked and overfed. And, neither this nor anything will ever eliminate the need to perform regular water changes. 

PNS ProBio

 

However, especially with regular use, you will see a healthier, cleaner, more stable captive ecosystem–just as hard scientific evidence has demonstrated possible time and again. PNSB aren’t just found on coral reefs, they’re in the corals themselves! If you want your reef tank to function more like the real thing–well, now you know what to do. With Rhodopseudomonas palustris as part of your aquarium’s microbial community, you’ve got a few billion years of evolution at your back.

Reader Interactions

Comments

  1. Sean Beaver says

    December 23, 2019 at 1:44 pm

    I love these articles. Super informative.

    Reply
    • Donna L Holder says

      December 27, 2019 at 6:55 pm

      i need all the info on this subject

      Reply
    • N L says

      December 27, 2019 at 10:57 pm

      I had no idea this existed.
      Seriously and informative and thought provoking article.
      Thank you.

      Reply
    • Chad Smith says

      December 28, 2019 at 11:50 am

      Thanks for the article!

      Reply
    • Christina Lang says

      December 29, 2019 at 6:57 pm

      agreed

      Reply
    • Mario says

      December 29, 2019 at 7:19 pm

      Always informative

      Reply
    • Tanner ilkow says

      December 30, 2019 at 12:47 am

      Yo this is dope

      Reply
    • tarheelborn1982 says

      December 30, 2019 at 6:18 pm

      Merry Christmas

      Reply
    • Nghia Le says

      December 30, 2019 at 6:26 pm

      Merry christmas

      Reply
    • bu.nghia417 says

      December 31, 2019 at 6:44 am

      Happy new year

      Reply
    • bu.nghia417 says

      December 31, 2019 at 6:49 am

      Happy holiday

      Reply
    • amos says

      January 1, 2020 at 6:27 pm

      this is nice info

      Reply
    • Chris Whalen says

      January 3, 2020 at 2:17 am

      Very nice article!

      Reply
    • Austin beach says

      January 5, 2020 at 12:38 pm

      Awesome entry reef tank for life

      Reply
  2. Sean Beaver says

    December 23, 2019 at 1:47 pm

    I loved this article. Definitely going to buy a bottle of two of the Probio.

    Reply
    • Za Fish Guy says

      December 31, 2019 at 4:33 pm

      Hmmm I think aquariums microbiomes are the next step.

      Reply
  3. Asad Khan says

    December 23, 2019 at 1:50 pm

    Great write up. Thanks for all the info

    Reply
    • Kyle says

      January 4, 2020 at 3:18 pm

      Great article

      Reply
  4. Steven Semeniuk says

    December 23, 2019 at 1:52 pm

    Another great read from @algaebarn !!!!

    Reply
  5. Ricardo Munoz says

    December 23, 2019 at 1:56 pm

    Great info as always

    Reply
    • ocjake06 says

      December 31, 2019 at 9:45 pm

      Happy holidays

      Reply
  6. Garrett says

    December 23, 2019 at 3:02 pm

    Wonderful information!

    Reply
    • ocjake06 says

      December 31, 2019 at 9:44 pm

      Happy holidays

      Reply
  7. Christopher Burns says

    December 23, 2019 at 3:04 pm

    Tons of info

    Reply
  8. Nicholas Hagstrom says

    December 23, 2019 at 3:07 pm

    Really good read!

    Reply
  9. Jerry Pearson says

    December 23, 2019 at 3:33 pm

    Definately will be going with the Biomedia.

    Reply
  10. Christopher Gilley says

    December 23, 2019 at 3:51 pm

    Like

    Reply
  11. Ashley Zabel says

    December 23, 2019 at 3:52 pm

    Love your blog! ??❤️❤️

    Reply
  12. blas artiles says

    December 23, 2019 at 3:53 pm

    Happy Holidays

    Reply
  13. Ben says

    December 23, 2019 at 3:53 pm

    Happy holidays

    Reply
  14. Weboh says

    December 23, 2019 at 4:03 pm

    Happy Holidays!

    Reply
  15. Jennifer Lye says

    December 23, 2019 at 4:06 pm

    Interesting!

    Reply
  16. Jayda Patterson says

    December 23, 2019 at 4:08 pm

    Having a great beneficial bacteria population is crucial to maintaining stable nitrate levels!

    Reply
  17. Alex von Hochtritt says

    December 23, 2019 at 4:09 pm

    Yep – I’ve been out of the hobby too long. This is ALL NEW to me, so this is a great read!

    Reply
  18. tragikzmd says

    December 23, 2019 at 4:18 pm

    Can’t wait to try the PNS Probio!

    Reply
  19. Kristen Maves says

    December 23, 2019 at 4:35 pm

    Wow! Just wow! ??❤️

    Reply
  20. michael p says

    December 23, 2019 at 5:35 pm

    Learn something new every day — good read

    Reply
  21. DANIEL SCHLAGMAN says

    December 23, 2019 at 5:36 pm

    [email protected]

    Reply
  22. Gerot Melo says

    December 23, 2019 at 5:40 pm

    Happy holidays!

    Reply
  23. Luis Cosme says

    December 23, 2019 at 5:58 pm

    Thanks for the info !!!!

    Reply
  24. Alexa says

    December 23, 2019 at 6:07 pm

    Happy holidays!

    Reply
  25. Chris Buswell says

    December 23, 2019 at 6:25 pm

    Very interested in this product…is it similar in action to Vibrant? Is there a reason the two could not be used in tandem?

    Reply
    • Kenneth Wingerter says

      December 30, 2019 at 7:34 pm

      Different people seem to get very different results with Vibrant, and the manufacturer doesn’t state what species of microbes it contains, so we unfortunately cannot answer those excellent questions with any certainty! We might leave you with this, however… We’ve seen very directly (controlled experiments in jars) where R. palustris outcompetes/eliminates microalgae, yet it does not appear to harm macroalgae or impede its growth. We suspect that the very different interactions of this bacterium with microalgae and macroalgae has to do with its activity as a diazotroph (see article!).

      Reply
  26. Sean Simkins says

    December 23, 2019 at 6:27 pm

    Would love to try that

    Reply
  27. Dalbir Singh says

    December 23, 2019 at 6:31 pm

    Good info

    Reply
  28. Josh Stevens says

    December 23, 2019 at 6:45 pm

    Great info Happy Holidays

    Reply
    • Maria says

      December 27, 2019 at 11:57 am

      Trying to win this contest!!

      Reply
  29. Jarred Tachiera says

    December 23, 2019 at 6:48 pm

    Vibrant is key

    Reply
  30. Adam Lyndaker says

    December 23, 2019 at 7:00 pm

    Interesting read

    Reply
  31. Paul Cote says

    December 23, 2019 at 7:07 pm

    Thank you for the great info

    Reply
  32. Michael Hawco says

    December 23, 2019 at 7:23 pm

    Algae

    Reply
  33. Rudy A Garcia says

    December 23, 2019 at 7:30 pm

    A lot to read and a lot to learn. But as they say, knowledge is power…or in this case a way to help stabilize your reef and encourage growth and longevity to your corals and other livestock. So definitely adding this to my shopping list from now on.

    Reply
  34. Joey Gatlin says

    December 23, 2019 at 7:52 pm

    A lot of great information.

    Reply
  35. ANTHONY CANDELORA says

    December 23, 2019 at 8:14 pm

    Do-All Aquarium Bacteria

    Reply
  36. Paul Kachirsky says

    December 23, 2019 at 8:16 pm

    Jam packed with info.

    Reply
  37. Dallas Tippie says

    December 23, 2019 at 8:17 pm

    I need to get this from AlgaeBarn!

    Reply
  38. Courtney Garbee says

    December 23, 2019 at 8:28 pm

    Informative

    Reply
  39. Michael says

    December 23, 2019 at 8:34 pm

    Lots of information, good read.

    Reply
  40. Gary Passwaters says

    December 23, 2019 at 8:35 pm

    Might have to give this a try

    Reply
  41. Derek Covatch says

    December 23, 2019 at 9:03 pm

    Great info to do a trial tank.

    Reply
  42. Felix Roeschert says

    December 23, 2019 at 9:42 pm

    Is this like vibrant? I‘ve never even seen it before!

    Reply
    • Kenneth Wingerter says

      December 30, 2019 at 7:39 pm

      Hi, Felix! See the response to Chris Buswell’s question above!

      Reply
  43. Leo Minegishi says

    December 23, 2019 at 10:15 pm

    This is a lot of great info on keeping your tank healthy in a more simple manner!

    Reply
  44. Matt Traylor says

    December 23, 2019 at 10:19 pm

    Learn something new every day. Would love to try this product and see the difference it makes in my reef!

    Reply
  45. Jacob T Wright says

    December 23, 2019 at 10:48 pm

    wow so much information!

    Reply
  46. Brian Badge says

    December 23, 2019 at 11:32 pm

    I am going to have to read this a few times to unpack it all

    Reply
  47. Blade says

    December 24, 2019 at 12:12 am

    Good stuff

    Reply
  48. Cole says

    December 24, 2019 at 12:40 am

    Might have to try that stuff on my next order

    Reply
  49. connorw88 says

    December 24, 2019 at 12:44 am

    That was a truck load of information. I’m going to have to read that one a couple times and refer back often. Thanks.

    Reply
  50. Jarron says

    December 24, 2019 at 1:03 am

    Great

    Reply
  51. Jarron says

    December 24, 2019 at 1:09 am

    Good to know

    Reply
  52. Jarron says

    December 24, 2019 at 1:09 am

    Good to know

    Reply
  53. Julianne Morgan says

    December 24, 2019 at 1:29 am

    The world would be a much dirtier place without the micro cleanup crews ? Good read

    Reply
  54. Josha Mitchell says

    December 24, 2019 at 2:49 am

    Great stuff!!

    Reply
  55. David Heath says

    December 24, 2019 at 4:22 am

    I would love this!

    Reply
  56. Kyle hagger says

    December 24, 2019 at 6:03 am

    Good suff

    Reply
  57. Chris says

    December 24, 2019 at 7:04 am

    Great read.

    Reply
  58. Zaid Payan says

    December 24, 2019 at 7:23 am

    Happy holidays

    Reply
  59. ekersd says

    December 24, 2019 at 7:51 am

    Kudos to Algae Barn for being upfront and educational. Just added this to my shopping cart. Probably an ingredient in a few of the “trade secret” additives that are being marketed.

    Reply
  60. ceg0002 says

    December 24, 2019 at 8:47 am

    Interesting read

    Reply
  61. David DeMarco says

    December 24, 2019 at 9:03 am

    Sounds like a great product

    Reply
  62. steveszczepanowski says

    December 24, 2019 at 9:24 am

    Great read

    Reply
  63. Catherine says

    December 24, 2019 at 10:00 am

    Ordered!!!

    Reply
  64. maxbears34 says

    December 24, 2019 at 10:21 am

    Probably gonna pick up a bottle of PNS ProBio with my next order!

    Reply
  65. Cynthia Sedlacek says

    December 24, 2019 at 10:32 am

    The Do-All Aquarium Bacteria

    Reply
  66. Joe car says

    December 24, 2019 at 11:33 am

    Thank you for the info, great read!

    Reply
  67. Bryan Tisdale says

    December 24, 2019 at 12:37 pm

    Is this the new Gatorade flavor?

    Reply
    • Kenneth Wingerter says

      December 30, 2019 at 8:28 pm

      😀

      Reply
  68. Sheila Beach says

    December 24, 2019 at 12:41 pm

    Saved this to read again

    Reply
  69. Krishna Ramaraju says

    December 24, 2019 at 2:03 pm

    Very informative, thanks!

    Reply
  70. Keith McMillan says

    December 24, 2019 at 2:49 pm

    Great read!

    Reply
  71. Hasan Sarsour says

    December 24, 2019 at 3:08 pm

    Good read.

    Reply
  72. Chris Tezak says

    December 24, 2019 at 6:26 pm

    Thank you!

    Reply
  73. Brad ODonnell says

    December 24, 2019 at 9:50 pm

    Great

    Reply
  74. Allen says

    December 24, 2019 at 10:43 pm

    Awesome read. This site has so much great information

    Reply
  75. Jose Pacheco says

    December 25, 2019 at 2:57 am

    Nice info, I did know about the pns

    Reply
  76. Dalbir Singh says

    December 25, 2019 at 5:49 am

    Very informative

    Reply
  77. John Moyles says

    December 25, 2019 at 5:54 am

    Nice

    Reply
  78. Rena Walter says

    December 25, 2019 at 8:43 am

    This sounds interesting.

    Reply
  79. sarah edwards says

    December 25, 2019 at 9:59 am

    awesome

    Reply
  80. Ryan Smith says

    December 25, 2019 at 10:01 am

    Love it

    Reply
  81. Drew Rollman says

    December 25, 2019 at 10:23 am

    I’ve always with diversifying life in my tanks when I start them up. I ask other local reefers for a small capful of sand from their systems. Seemed to always have the best cycles that way.

    Reply
  82. jose lozano says

    December 25, 2019 at 11:50 am

    Merry Christmas

    Reply
  83. Richard Varone says

    December 25, 2019 at 1:11 pm

    Interesting product, can’t wait to try it out!

    Reply
  84. Shaun Small says

    December 25, 2019 at 2:39 pm

    WOW that was a lot to take in

    Reply
  85. Donald Carney says

    December 25, 2019 at 2:50 pm

    Awesome information

    Reply
  86. Kurtis says

    December 25, 2019 at 6:03 pm

    Good info

    Reply
  87. Tray says

    December 25, 2019 at 6:20 pm

    Good information for new reefers!!!

    Reply
  88. Jennifer says

    December 25, 2019 at 6:30 pm

    Always good too learn more too make your tank thrive!

    Reply
  89. Joshua Wheat says

    December 25, 2019 at 6:51 pm

    Nice

    Reply
  90. Frank Fodera says

    December 25, 2019 at 7:38 pm

    interesting. Love your products.

    Reply
  91. Matthew Semonish says

    December 25, 2019 at 10:17 pm

    !

    Reply
  92. Neil says

    December 26, 2019 at 2:24 am

    Nice work

    Reply
  93. Neil says

    December 26, 2019 at 2:24 am

    Nice work

    Reply
  94. John says

    December 26, 2019 at 5:24 am

    Cool

    Reply
  95. caldea says

    December 26, 2019 at 6:12 am

    Great information

    Reply
  96. Eric J Homan says

    December 26, 2019 at 7:55 am

    Will be referencing this article in the future, thanks.

    Reply
  97. dcallahan56789 says

    December 26, 2019 at 9:07 am

    This is super fascinating and could be a real advance in the reefing game. Im certainly going to order a bottle on my next Algae Barn order!!.
    Is there any worry when starting to use this product?? Especially in established reef tanks?

    Reply
    • Kenneth Wingerter says

      December 30, 2019 at 7:50 pm

      No worries at all! We’ve administered 4x overdoses (experimentally) with no ill effect. This microbe is totally nonpathogenic and occurs on reefs (even inside corals) naturally. While it can really jump-start a new system, it works well in established systems, particularly for safely degrading deep accumulations of detritus.

      Reply
  98. Ricky Dube says

    December 26, 2019 at 9:12 am

    A good read!!

    Reply
  99. Ansu Abraham says

    December 26, 2019 at 10:50 am

    Interesting topic.

    Reply
  100. Ashlee Smith says

    December 26, 2019 at 12:16 pm

    Thank you for the informative read!

    Reply
  101. Casey Whittington says

    December 26, 2019 at 1:14 pm

    That stuff looks amazing, Im going to have to pickup a bottle..

    Reply
  102. patburns99 says

    December 26, 2019 at 2:34 pm

    Interesting. May need to try it.

    Reply
  103. Steve says

    December 26, 2019 at 2:54 pm

    So important for stability

    Reply
  104. Jordan Sims says

    December 26, 2019 at 8:50 pm

    Great read.

    Reply
  105. Omar Pardo says

    December 27, 2019 at 1:05 am

    So much info I’ll have to come back and read again!

    Reply
  106. Ravi says

    December 27, 2019 at 10:35 am

    The do-all bacteria

    Reply
  107. ramon castellanos says

    December 27, 2019 at 11:17 am

    this was a great read!

    Reply
  108. dakottah7 says

    December 27, 2019 at 12:38 pm

    Very interesting!

    Reply
  109. Meghan Mulkerin says

    December 27, 2019 at 12:57 pm

    Amazing research

    Reply
  110. Robert Donlon says

    December 27, 2019 at 1:54 pm

    Happy Holidays!

    Reply
  111. Finnian Sheehan says

    December 27, 2019 at 2:46 pm

    Merry Christmas!

    Reply
  112. conner stumpf says

    December 27, 2019 at 3:14 pm

    the importance of bacteria has really come into the spotlight over the last few years

    Reply
  113. Jorge says

    December 27, 2019 at 5:47 pm

    Very informative

    Reply
  114. Robert Paniagua says

    December 27, 2019 at 6:56 pm

    Just wow that’s awesome

    Reply
  115. Courtney Hoard says

    December 27, 2019 at 7:00 pm

    It’s the Gatorade for marine tanks!

    Reply
  116. Jean Pattison says

    December 27, 2019 at 9:05 pm

    I think I am going to try this.
    And……………….thank you Algae Barn for the opportunity to enter the contest.

    Reply
  117. Felix says

    December 27, 2019 at 9:31 pm

    Awesome!

    Reply
  118. Michael Quinones says

    December 27, 2019 at 11:25 pm

    Damn you Algaebarn! Someone (?‍♂️) is about to spend some serious cash here…….

    Reply
  119. tmanrogers95 says

    December 27, 2019 at 11:54 pm

    Nice

    Reply
  120. Neal says

    December 28, 2019 at 12:15 am

    that’s a lot of info! but very educating

    Reply
  121. Tony says

    December 28, 2019 at 8:05 am

    I’ll think about it. I think varieties of things in the tank are best.

    Reply
  122. Michelle says

    December 28, 2019 at 10:29 am

    Love the blog thank u

    Reply
  123. Brian Dolphins says

    December 28, 2019 at 11:14 am

    God Bless.

    Reply
  124. Jesus says

    December 28, 2019 at 1:14 pm

    Goy to give this a shot.

    Reply
  125. Ashley M says

    December 28, 2019 at 2:17 pm

    Love this

    Reply
  126. Mike Muzzone says

    December 28, 2019 at 3:13 pm

    biodiversity

    Reply
  127. brandon.costello says

    December 28, 2019 at 3:55 pm

    Merry Christmas!

    Reply
  128. Echo Rodetsky says

    December 28, 2019 at 5:43 pm

    Interesting read.

    Reply
  129. Alejandro Rodriguez says

    December 28, 2019 at 9:42 pm

    Bacteria has been a godsend to the hobby.

    Reply
  130. Edward Raposo says

    December 29, 2019 at 1:20 am

    Loving this post!

    Reply
  131. devon maynard says

    December 29, 2019 at 3:16 am

    Wonderful Information

    Reply
  132. Chelsea Carothers says

    December 29, 2019 at 8:33 am

    ?

    Reply
  133. Brandon Carothers says

    December 29, 2019 at 8:54 am

    Very informative

    Reply
  134. Cody W Pressnell says

    December 29, 2019 at 10:41 am

    Great read!

    Reply
  135. Cory Lakers says

    December 29, 2019 at 1:34 pm

    Wow

    Reply
  136. Cory Lakers says

    December 29, 2019 at 1:35 pm

    Bacteria rocks

    Reply
  137. Madeline says

    December 29, 2019 at 6:09 pm

    Interesting information!

    Reply
  138. Julie Bauknecht says

    December 29, 2019 at 7:34 pm

    I’m still scratching my head wondering why a Reefer tank enthusiasts it never occurred to anyone before now?

    Reply
  139. Elcain Chase says

    December 29, 2019 at 7:50 pm

    Bacteria is so cool!!!

    Reply
  140. John Jones says

    December 29, 2019 at 8:07 pm

    Great work on this, worth the read 1000%

    Reply
  141. Bo Heath Kinsland says

    December 29, 2019 at 8:08 pm

    Cool cool

    Reply
  142. Chris Roberts says

    December 29, 2019 at 8:38 pm

    good read

    Reply
  143. Cole Froerer says

    December 29, 2019 at 8:40 pm

    I’ve got a lot to learn!

    Reply
  144. Cassia Carvalho says

    December 29, 2019 at 8:48 pm

    My friend drank some once, he’s alright

    Reply
  145. Doffrey says

    December 29, 2019 at 9:33 pm

    Wow, I’ll definetly check this out some, more this is incredible

    Reply
  146. Caden says

    December 29, 2019 at 9:34 pm

    Great info thanks

    Reply
  147. Ben Cameron says

    December 29, 2019 at 10:56 pm

    Informative

    Reply
  148. Jaime Quintanilla says

    December 29, 2019 at 11:17 pm

    I think carbon dosing needs more attention in our hobby

    Reply
  149. Anthony Sansone says

    December 30, 2019 at 1:03 am

    Great article!

    Reply
  150. Mahamudul Hasan says

    December 30, 2019 at 1:44 am

    Merry Christmas!

    Reply
  151. Mahamudul Hasan says

    December 30, 2019 at 1:44 am

    learned a new thing

    Reply
  152. Patrick Stephens says

    December 30, 2019 at 5:53 am

    Great read!!

    Reply
  153. Carrie Charles says

    December 30, 2019 at 8:11 am

    Merry Christmas to all. BTW you guys have some of the best info ever!!!

    Reply
  154. Steve S says

    December 30, 2019 at 8:39 am

    tyvm!

    Reply
  155. Brent Grandidier says

    December 30, 2019 at 9:01 am

    Great article!

    Reply
  156. Greg says

    December 30, 2019 at 9:06 am

    So much info for beginners to advanced hobbyists

    Reply
  157. Tristan Smith says

    December 30, 2019 at 9:18 am

    Interesting read.

    Reply
  158. Sam says

    December 30, 2019 at 9:36 am

    Never knew. Thanks for the informative article.

    Reply
  159. doug perry says

    December 30, 2019 at 9:47 am

    Happy holidays

    Reply
  160. OG says

    December 30, 2019 at 10:15 am

    Happy Holidays!

    Reply
  161. AVeryFishyFish says

    December 30, 2019 at 10:47 am

    I’ve had this happen

    Reply
  162. AVeryFishyFish says

    December 30, 2019 at 10:47 am

    I’ve had this happen

    Reply
  163. Eivind Parnas Schage says

    December 30, 2019 at 11:05 am

    Happy holidays

    Reply
  164. aaron says

    December 30, 2019 at 11:09 am

    Wow good info algaebarn thank you

    Reply
  165. Erick Blais says

    December 30, 2019 at 12:18 pm

    Great info as always

    Reply
  166. Tian Sorg says

    December 30, 2019 at 12:21 pm

    Very informative!! Thanks!!

    Reply
  167. Katherine Borbon says

    December 30, 2019 at 12:25 pm

    Merry Christmas and Happy New Year

    Reply
  168. Justin Bishop says

    December 30, 2019 at 12:55 pm

    awesome

    Reply
  169. James walker says

    December 30, 2019 at 1:31 pm

    Great info here

    Reply
  170. Nadia Mohandessi says

    December 30, 2019 at 1:39 pm

    Good info!

    Reply
  171. Barry Sylvia says

    December 30, 2019 at 3:32 pm

    Good read and very informative!

    Reply
  172. Jeremy Lombardo says

    December 30, 2019 at 3:42 pm

    Happy holidays

    Reply
  173. Joshua Deaver says

    December 30, 2019 at 3:54 pm

    Nice!

    Reply
  174. Kyle kegley says

    December 30, 2019 at 3:55 pm

    The do all aquarium bacteria

    Reply
  175. Cammey lol says

    December 30, 2019 at 3:59 pm

    very interesting 🙂

    Reply
  176. Cammey lol says

    December 30, 2019 at 3:59 pm

    very interesting 🙂

    Reply
  177. Cammey lol says

    December 30, 2019 at 4:04 pm

    very interesting

    Reply
  178. twhitcamp says

    December 30, 2019 at 4:22 pm

    Happy New Year

    Reply
  179. twhitcamp says

    December 30, 2019 at 4:22 pm

    Happy New Year

    Reply
  180. Krystal Whittington says

    December 30, 2019 at 4:34 pm

    Very nice write-up. I learn quite a bit

    Reply
  181. kellymhansen says

    December 30, 2019 at 4:53 pm

    Good bacteria is a must have

    Reply
  182. Daniel says

    December 30, 2019 at 5:25 pm

    Now I know what type of bacteria I need and don’t need

    Reply
  183. Bethany Souza says

    December 30, 2019 at 5:34 pm

    Aww…the journey of good to bad to do it all bacteria’s in your tank

    Reply
  184. Matt Blefeld says

    December 30, 2019 at 6:04 pm

    Very interesting. Just might have to pick myself up some

    Reply
  185. bad72nova says

    December 30, 2019 at 6:29 pm

    Very interesting read. Sounds like a vibrant type product. Wonder what the downsides are.

    Reply
    • Kenneth Wingerter says

      December 30, 2019 at 7:57 pm

      Hi, BAD72NOVA!

      No downsides at all! See responses to Chis Buswell’s and DCALLAHAN56789’s comments above.

      Reply
  186. Jonah Schwarz says

    December 30, 2019 at 7:00 pm

    Crabby patty

    Reply
  187. Rachael McConnell says

    December 30, 2019 at 7:32 pm

    Happy Holidays!

    Reply
  188. Michael says

    December 30, 2019 at 7:32 pm

    Thank you for what you do.

    Reply
  189. Michael says

    December 30, 2019 at 7:50 pm

    What’s next for 2020?

    Reply
  190. Rachael McConnell says

    December 30, 2019 at 8:09 pm

    Happy holidays

    Reply
  191. Max Humbach says

    December 30, 2019 at 8:09 pm

    Very informative!

    Reply
  192. Melanie Tavarez says

    December 30, 2019 at 8:16 pm

    Gotta Love good bacteria

    Reply
  193. liesle_memmott says

    December 30, 2019 at 8:19 pm

    Good read and details. Thank you

    Reply
    • Jen says

      December 30, 2019 at 10:22 pm

      Nice read. Could use some for my tanks

      Reply
  194. Alice Lewellen says

    December 30, 2019 at 8:33 pm

    So cool!

    Reply
  195. Nicholas nevins says

    December 30, 2019 at 9:29 pm

    Great read and insite

    Reply
  196. Marla says

    December 30, 2019 at 9:41 pm

    Definitely need to read more into this

    Reply
  197. t.joudi says

    December 30, 2019 at 10:36 pm

    How can we be sure this bacteria stays in our tanks if we use UV filtration?

    Reply
  198. Tom says

    December 30, 2019 at 11:10 pm

    Interesting. Cheers to biodiversity!

    Reply
  199. pinckark11 says

    December 30, 2019 at 11:48 pm

    Thank you for the great info!

    Reply
  200. samuelwalker1996 says

    December 30, 2019 at 11:54 pm

    Amazing information, happy holidays!

    Reply
  201. Mike Mijarez says

    December 31, 2019 at 12:03 am

    Happy holidays!

    Reply
  202. Dustin says

    December 31, 2019 at 5:57 am

    I’m really loving these blog posts!!

    Reply
  203. Terry Alcott says

    December 31, 2019 at 6:32 am

    Awesome read!

    Reply
  204. bu.nghia417 says

    December 31, 2019 at 6:50 am

    Happy holiday

    Reply
  205. Adam Gilbert says

    December 31, 2019 at 7:39 am

    Interesting!

    Reply
  206. Lance says

    December 31, 2019 at 9:00 am

    Thank you

    Reply
  207. John Louis says

    December 31, 2019 at 9:11 am

    I dose bacteria every other day, my tank has never looked better and my nutrients are always in check and stable, this is what we should be looking more into rather then spending thousands of dollars on equipment.

    Reply
  208. Caleigh says

    December 31, 2019 at 9:49 am

    Happy Holidays!

    Reply
  209. Karie Mabus says

    December 31, 2019 at 11:04 am

    I learned something new today. Thank you!

    Reply
  210. Michael Gionta says

    December 31, 2019 at 12:31 pm

    very interesting

    Reply
  211. jennifershea says

    December 31, 2019 at 1:11 pm

    Awesome read. Thank you for the info

    Reply
  212. paul pomeroy says

    December 31, 2019 at 2:30 pm

    Happy Holidays

    Reply
  213. Mike says

    December 31, 2019 at 2:37 pm

    I had no idea or knowledge of this type of bacteria. Very interesting backing statements in it too.

    Reply
  214. Kim Eberhart says

    December 31, 2019 at 3:31 pm

    Wow, a lot of information here. I need to re read just to understand it all!

    Reply
  215. leyerin31 says

    December 31, 2019 at 4:02 pm

    Good stuff to know.

    Reply
  216. victoria casella says

    December 31, 2019 at 5:36 pm

    Great read!

    Reply
  217. kris_jns123 says

    December 31, 2019 at 6:09 pm

    Good info

    Reply
  218. Lamar Seaman says

    January 1, 2020 at 2:40 am

    Quality content

    Reply
  219. Luis Cosme says

    January 1, 2020 at 6:48 am

    great info for the new tank !!!!

    Reply
  220. Kale says

    January 1, 2020 at 6:56 am

    Interesting

    Reply
  221. Reuben gunderson says

    January 1, 2020 at 11:27 am

    Happy holidays

    Reply
  222. Eric Rosnick says

    January 1, 2020 at 11:39 am

    Great information, just getting started in saltwater

    Reply
  223. Alisa Tejeda says

    January 1, 2020 at 1:13 pm

    having an aquarium not only fills my heart with joy, but it is also so educational. Happy holidays

    Reply
  224. Alisa Tejeda says

    January 1, 2020 at 1:15 pm

    its so fun learning about different type of bacteria

    Reply
  225. Tina R Rice says

    January 1, 2020 at 2:08 pm

    This is something new i learned to6

    Reply
  226. Mands says

    January 1, 2020 at 2:08 pm

    I ❤️ Bacteria!

    Reply
  227. Tami Rose says

    January 1, 2020 at 2:10 pm

    Want to try this now

    Reply
  228. Michael says

    January 1, 2020 at 3:19 pm

    Loved the blog!!

    Reply
  229. Peyton Howington says

    January 1, 2020 at 5:10 pm

    Great info!

    Reply
  230. Eliane says

    January 1, 2020 at 5:32 pm

    Very interesting

    Reply
  231. chereecarter says

    January 1, 2020 at 7:32 pm

    Holy crap!!! Excellent article, best one so far!! I have already book marked this product and WILL be buying for sure!! WOW.

    Reply
    • Kenneth Wingerter says

      January 4, 2020 at 2:34 pm

      🙂

      Reply
  232. tiffanymeyer1987 says

    January 1, 2020 at 8:27 pm

    Great information

    Reply
  233. Eric Dickey says

    January 1, 2020 at 8:38 pm

    Interesting

    Reply
  234. Martin says

    January 1, 2020 at 8:49 pm

    Cool

    Reply
  235. Mariana Conde says

    January 1, 2020 at 9:08 pm

    Happy holidays

    Reply
  236. Lizeth Lara says

    January 1, 2020 at 9:33 pm

    Good luck everyone

    Reply
  237. Edgar Alvarez says

    January 1, 2020 at 9:41 pm

    I’ve heard of this only once before.

    Reply
  238. Victoria Brewer says

    January 1, 2020 at 11:08 pm

    Wow very interesting might have to add some to my seahorse tank

    Reply
    • Kenneth Wingerter says

      January 4, 2020 at 2:31 pm

      You should! We suggest adding it to seahorse food, whether live foods such as brine shrimp (via gut loading) or frozen foods (after thawing); it remains viable in the fish’s stomach/intestines as a probiotic, and produces antibiotics such as streptomycin and kanamycin (which are effective at controlling Vibrio-related illnesses such as seahorse flesh erosion disease and snout rot).

      Reply
  239. Devin says

    January 1, 2020 at 11:48 pm

    Nice to learn something new

    Reply
  240. Felix says

    January 2, 2020 at 12:28 am

    Nice!

    Reply
  241. chris peters says

    January 2, 2020 at 4:13 am

    Is there an amount of different types of bacteria that would be too many too add to a tank? Or more is better? I’ve been told not to add more than one on a single day, how far apart would recommend I add them?

    Reply
    • Kenneth Wingerter says

      January 4, 2020 at 1:59 pm

      Hi, Chris.

      R. palustris can be added at any time (with or without other bacteria), whether seeding dry rock in a new system or removing detritus in an established system. In fact, because they prefer anaerobic areas, they won’t (unlike many aerobic heterotrophs) interfere with aerobic nitrifying bacteria (Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter, etc.) during or following the cycling period (this is something we understood intuitively, but also confirmed with a highly regarded expert in bacterial nitrification). If anything, these “pioneer” bacteria actually promote the growth and diversity of other beneficial microbes (one reason they’re so often used in agriculture)! In short, these bacteria are a win-win.

      Reply
  242. Waiz says

    January 2, 2020 at 5:59 am

    very Informative

    Reply
  243. Waiz says

    January 2, 2020 at 6:06 am

    nice article

    Reply
  244. ainarm says

    January 2, 2020 at 8:30 am

    Something else to add to the shopping list.

    Reply
  245. neill0027 says

    January 2, 2020 at 9:13 am

    Good info

    Reply
  246. Paul Marvin says

    January 2, 2020 at 10:49 am

    Very interesting!

    Reply
  247. Elizabeth Mack says

    January 2, 2020 at 12:29 pm

    Thank you!

    Reply
  248. Nicole says

    January 2, 2020 at 12:31 pm

    Great info!

    Reply
  249. Craig Wood says

    January 2, 2020 at 3:03 pm

    Very informative

    Reply
  250. Zack Ford says

    January 2, 2020 at 3:12 pm

    Awesome

    Reply
  251. stylewriter874 says

    January 2, 2020 at 4:37 pm

    Really enjoyed this article

    Reply
  252. Randall Clawson says

    January 2, 2020 at 5:01 pm

    Going to give it a try.

    Reply
  253. Melanie says

    January 2, 2020 at 6:29 pm

    Awesome essential information!

    Reply
  254. hwarrenfeltz says

    January 2, 2020 at 7:13 pm

    Happy holidays!!

    Reply
  255. Gracie Scott says

    January 2, 2020 at 7:49 pm

    WOW good info!!!!!!

    Reply
  256. Jason Blair says

    January 2, 2020 at 8:28 pm

    I wasn’t aware of some these micro goodies.
    ?

    Reply
  257. shackelford.jim says

    January 2, 2020 at 10:24 pm

    Interesting information.

    Reply
  258. Dan Melton says

    January 2, 2020 at 11:13 pm

    Adding to cart now!

    Reply
  259. Ana Anderson says

    January 2, 2020 at 11:18 pm

    happy holidays

    Reply
  260. Kaity says

    January 3, 2020 at 12:26 am

    Great detail and information on everything you need to know about what actually should be in your tank and for all your fish!! Happy 2020 everyone!!

    Reply
  261. Anthony says

    January 3, 2020 at 7:39 am

    Germs are good ?

    Reply
  262. Darrell Wheelis says

    January 3, 2020 at 8:41 am

    Good info

    Reply
  263. megan_kim says

    January 3, 2020 at 8:45 am

    Interesting!!

    Reply
  264. James Fields says

    January 3, 2020 at 9:10 am

    Cool

    Reply
  265. Jesse Richardson says

    January 3, 2020 at 12:21 pm

    Happy Holidays!

    Reply
  266. ddogusmc says

    January 3, 2020 at 1:15 pm

    is it possible to overdose this?

    Reply
    • Kenneth Wingerter says

      January 4, 2020 at 2:07 pm

      Intuitively, we’ve always believed that it cannot be overdosed, because it is completely nontoxic and nonpathogenic. Even so, we tested this product extensively for two years on both freshwater and marine systems and were never able to overdose, even when we attempted to do so. For example, we repeatedly applied 4x overdoses on zoanthids as well as LPS, SPS and soft corals, and they only seemed to love it.

      Reply
  267. Joseph Bernier says

    January 3, 2020 at 5:32 pm

    Hello

    Reply
  268. Charles Brooks says

    January 3, 2020 at 5:38 pm

    Very interesting read.

    Reply
  269. Jonathan Dahl says

    January 3, 2020 at 9:23 pm

    This article has convinced me to get some super porous media and a bottle of PNS pro bio for my reef. Thanks for the great read!

    Reply
    • Kenneth Wingerter says

      January 4, 2020 at 2:18 pm

      Hi Jonathan,

      We believe you’re totally onto something there. This bacteria does so much that we haven’t gotten around to it yet, but we definitely intend to elaborate a bit on possible special applications. And one of those suggested uses for sure will be soaking it in a sponge or ceramic medium like MarinePure and then simply dropping it in the sump or refugium–instant anaerobic bacterial nitrate control!

      Reply
  270. pinckark11 says

    January 4, 2020 at 1:23 am

    This article has some fantastic info that is applicable to my system directly. I love learning new things to improve the habitat for my reef animals.

    Reply
  271. Paul Brown says

    January 4, 2020 at 6:59 am

    I love these articles

    Reply
  272. bri.dahlberg says

    January 4, 2020 at 10:13 am

    Great info

    Reply
  273. kathy pease says

    January 4, 2020 at 12:01 pm

    This sounds like a wonderful products

    Reply
  274. josephine bylsma says

    January 4, 2020 at 1:45 pm

    awesome information!

    Reply
  275. chica says

    January 4, 2020 at 3:29 pm

    steel-eating bugs

    Reply
  276. abby baker says

    January 4, 2020 at 3:43 pm

    love this

    Reply
  277. Sharp says

    January 4, 2020 at 6:23 pm

    Interesting!

    Reply
  278. Sharalyn Anderson says

    January 4, 2020 at 6:48 pm

    Have a great New Year!

    Reply
  279. Sharp says

    January 4, 2020 at 6:59 pm

    Neat info!

    Reply
  280. Chad says

    January 4, 2020 at 7:58 pm

    Good bacteria

    Reply
  281. David Woolf says

    January 4, 2020 at 10:49 pm

    Interesting read. Happy holidays!

    Reply
  282. kameronkh3 says

    January 5, 2020 at 1:35 am

    I never realized how many things factor into building an ecosystem until I started up my saltwater tank. It’s like learning creation all over again from actual beings all the way down to the tiniest bacteria! It’s crazy how far we’ve advanced in our aquaculture research and how far we’ll go to create our own little ocean right in the comfort of our home(:

    Reply
  283. Julian Pillans says

    January 5, 2020 at 9:40 am

    Getting into this hobby makes you want to change majors!

    Reply
  284. Julian Pillans says

    January 5, 2020 at 9:41 am

    Awesome read!

    Reply
  285. Julian Pillans says

    January 5, 2020 at 9:41 am

    Happy holidays!

    Reply
  286. oscar101802 says

    January 5, 2020 at 10:01 am

    Great information

    Reply
  287. Christopher Gomez says

    January 5, 2020 at 11:17 am

    Wow great info!

    Reply
  288. Amber Kolb says

    January 5, 2020 at 11:19 am

    Thank you for all of the information! I didn’t know much about R. palustris until today.

    Reply
  289. Christopher Gomez says

    January 5, 2020 at 11:32 am

    Nice article

    Reply
  290. Christopher Gomez says

    January 5, 2020 at 11:36 am

    Great article

    Reply
  291. art says

    January 5, 2020 at 12:44 pm

    cool

    Reply
  292. Judi A Mitzel says

    January 5, 2020 at 2:47 pm

    Definitely interested in trying this soon

    Reply
  293. jessemichaelelliott says

    January 5, 2020 at 3:20 pm

    <3

    Reply
  294. Hunter says

    January 5, 2020 at 7:28 pm

    Type here……

    Reply
  295. wen says

    January 5, 2020 at 9:09 pm

    No

    Reply
  296. robert says

    January 5, 2020 at 9:37 pm

    Cool!!

    Reply
  297. Carol Lanette Gatlin says

    January 6, 2020 at 12:12 am

    Happy Holidays

    Reply
  298. Andika Sitanaya says

    July 17, 2020 at 8:30 pm

    how about with Rhodobacter capsulatus ?
    i cant found your products in my country, i found local brand contain this bacteria but it contain also with Rhodobacter capsulatus

    Reply

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