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You are here: Home / Live foods / Mesozooplankton and Multivorous Food Webs

Mesozooplankton and Multivorous Food Webs

by Kenneth Wingerter

Mesozooplankton (e.g. copepods) are characterized as planktonic animals in the size range of 0.2-20 mm. They may be divided into distinct functional groups by their feeding strategies (grazers, predators or detritivores/suspension feeders). Mesozooplankton are an important food source for reef fish and benthic planktivores (including corals).

Research suggests that bacteria and detritus–rather than phytoplankton–are the primary food source for particle-feeding mesozooplankton on reefs. Further, gut content analysis reveals only a modest contribution from phytoplankton. Phytoplankton density is typically low due to low environmental concentrations of inorganic nutrients (nitrate, phosphate, etc.).

Because larger surface area-to-volume ratios are more efficient for nutrient uptake, picophytoplankton (<3.0 microns) account for most of the phytoplankton. Picophytoplankton are indeed the most productive of reef phytoplankton. However, because they are too small to be captured, picophytoplankton are not readily utilized by many particle-feeding mesozooplankton. Thus, mesozooplankton communities can utilize just a fraction of the phytoplankton there.

Even so, mesozooplankton are way more abundant on reefs than in open ocean habitats! The abundance of mesozooplankton on reefs (in light of the scarcity of phytoplankton) might be explained by the abundance of bacterioplankton. Still, even together, phytoplankton and bacterioplankton do not meet the dietary needs of mesozooplankton. Thus, detrital food sources must also be considered.

True omnivores

An ambitious study, recently published in the journal Progress in Oceanography, addresses the paradox of reef mesozooplankton abundance by determining:

  • Whether or not phytoplankton production could solely satisfy the food requirements of reef mesozooplankton.
  • The relative importance of bacterioplankton in the mesozooplankton diet.
  • The relative importance of POM in the mesozooplankton diet.

In this study, researchers estimate mesozooplankton production rates for various zooplankton species using regression models. Seasonal variation of phytoplankton primary production is taken into account. Results indicated that phytoplankton cannot alone satisfy the metabolic demands of mesozooplankton at these densities.

Per data obtained in this study, content of phytoplankton and bacterioplankton in the diets of particle-feeding mesozooplankton respectively is 7–76% (average 39%) and 19–57% (average 37%). This pretty much meets summer and fall demand. However, these two food webs fall short of satisfying winter and spring food demand. This suggests that reef mesozooplankton rely on additional food sources (e.g. detritus) to supplement their diets–at least during these months.

The dynamic mesozooplankton diet

Where phytoplankton are scarce, mesozooplankton often prey on nanozooplankton and microzooplankton. For example, some reef copepods(e.g. Acartia) feed selectively on microzooplankton (e.g. ciliates) instead of phytoplankton. Other studies have shown that that smaller mesozooplankton (e.g. Oithona) feed on heterotrophic nanoflagellates (HNF). Bacterioplankton, microzooplankton plus residual HNF productivity amounts to 67–258% (an average of 133%) of phytoplankton production; this hints at a profound importance of microbes in the diets of mesozooplankton.

While not always very nutritious, detritus is an important food source for mesozooplankton during times of scarcity. Most of this detritus is made up fish feces and coral mucus rather than algal material. Rich in labile carbon, these types of detritus may be heavily colonized and fed upon by heterotrophic bacteria. The bacteria themselves enrich the particles as they descend through the water column, making them more nutritious for both suspension-feeding and deposit-feeding detritivores.

So let’s get this straight. Typically, as a result of low nutrient concentrations, coral reefs are deficient in phytoplankton. Indeed, much of the phytoplankton that occur on reefs actually wash in from other environments. The modest quantities of phytoplankton on reefs is rapidly consumed by the many phytoplanktivorous creatures that live there, including mesozooplankton.

Moreover, since most of the phytoplankton produced in reefs are tiny picophytoplankton, mesozooplankton cannot graze on them. Rather than relying primarily on phytoplankton, reef mesozooplankton target protozoans (the next link up in the food chain) such as ciliates and nanoflagellates.

Consider the microbiome food web

Bacteria play very heavily into this arrangement. Heterotrophic bacterioplankton are known to be quite abundant in reef waters where they enjoy a rich organic carbon source in the form of discharged coral mucus. Their very small bodies (high surface-to-volume ratio) make them superior competitors against phytoplankton (including even picophytoplankton) for limited nutrient resources (e.g. nitrate); their strong presence is part of the reason that reefs are nutrient-poor in the first place.

While there are exceptions (e.g. Oithona), copepods in particular and mesozooplankton in general cannot easily consume miniscule particles like bacteria. Nevertheless, microbial productivity is important to these animals in two ways. Firstly, bacteria support large numbers of protists (which are, for example, a key dietary component of reef copepods). Secondly, they convert otherwise unwholesome detritus into wholesome morsels (e.g. marine snow). As this study demonstrates, microbial and detrital food webs are critically important in coral reef ecosystems, particularly during seasonal dips in phytoplankton production.

However, despite any proportional variance in the consumption of phytoplankton, bacterioplankton, microzooplankton or POM from season to season, it is pretty clear that all of these sources contribute significantly to the astounding abundance and diversity of live found in reef habitats.

Conclusion

A few points are worth emphasizing here. On the surface, nutrient-deficiency (which severely limits phytoplankton productivity) may seem like an impediment for the formation of coral reefs. However, it is actually essential for reef health as it prohibits runaway benthic algae growth!

The modest density of reef phytoplankton (compared to some other marine ecosystems) does not mean that phytoplankton is unimportant in the diets of corals, mesozooplankton and other reef animals. To the contrary, it is a precious commodity for which these animals compete intensely. Phytoplankton is irreplaceable even when other food sources are abundant because it is a near-exclusive source of certain essential vitamins (e.g. vitamin C).

This is why the addition of live phytoplankton is so beneficial in reef aquaria. The best phytoplankton supplements are blends; these products are not only better balanced nutritionally but present a broader selection of (especially larger) particle sizes for mesozooplankton. Multi-species communities of pods (such as EcoPods) are best, and multi-species phyto blends (such as OceanMagik) are often the best means of feeding them.

But a more balanced diet is a better diet. That’s why the Ultimate Ecopack (which contains both live bacterioplankton and marine snow as well as pods and phyto) is your comprehensive reef food package. Not only is it nutritionally balanced but it also provides a wide variety of particle sizes!

Reader Interactions

Comments

  1. Kirk Hurn says

    October 27, 2021 at 6:55 am

    Great article.

    Reply
    • Walter says

      December 13, 2021 at 7:11 pm

      Very cool to know

      Reply
      • Cameron J Miller says

        December 20, 2021 at 9:53 pm

        Very interesting

        Reply
    • Cameron says

      December 20, 2021 at 9:53 pm

      Very interesting

      Reply
  2. Devon says

    December 12, 2021 at 7:32 pm

    Great info !

    Reply
    • Ashley Bridges says

      December 17, 2021 at 6:52 pm

      Very informative!

      Reply
    • Cameron says

      December 20, 2021 at 9:52 pm

      I could provide much better food for my beloved fish

      Reply
  3. Matt says

    December 13, 2021 at 1:50 pm

    It’s always good to learn the biology behind the aquarium!

    Reply
  4. Paul Winchester says

    December 13, 2021 at 2:04 pm

    Good information!

    Reply
    • ibrianw0ng says

      December 28, 2021 at 9:56 am

      yes

      Reply
  5. Paul says

    December 13, 2021 at 2:39 pm

    I love that I can learn something new all the time in this hobby.

    Reply
  6. Kevin Weisen says

    December 13, 2021 at 3:34 pm

    Great information. I can’t believe how microscopic my knowledge is becoming.

    Reply
  7. scottsfca says

    December 13, 2021 at 4:06 pm

    Cool!

    Reply
  8. Jason Stuhmer says

    December 13, 2021 at 4:16 pm

    Awesome!

    Reply
  9. James says

    December 13, 2021 at 5:17 pm

    Good info. Learning something new everytime.

    Reply
  10. Matthew Wyatt says

    December 13, 2021 at 6:44 pm

    A

    Reply
  11. Matthew Wyatt says

    December 13, 2021 at 6:44 pm

    A

    Reply
  12. MATTHEW WYATT says

    December 13, 2021 at 7:07 pm

    Great info!

    Reply
  13. Tim Brown says

    December 13, 2021 at 7:24 pm

    Good stuff!

    Reply
  14. Kevin Johnson says

    December 13, 2021 at 7:40 pm

    Definitely great for my tank!

    Reply
  15. Stephen Killam says

    December 13, 2021 at 8:09 pm

    Savage little guys aren’t they!

    Reply
  16. Brad Vinson says

    December 13, 2021 at 8:10 pm

    This is a great article

    Reply
  17. Arthur Mulanax says

    December 13, 2021 at 8:41 pm

    Interesting

    Reply
  18. Dan says

    December 13, 2021 at 9:14 pm

    I need more pods and phyto!

    Reply
  19. marshallbros59701 says

    December 13, 2021 at 9:21 pm

    Nice piece of info good read.

    Reply
  20. marshallbros59701 says

    December 13, 2021 at 9:23 pm

    I try to does phyto faithfully

    Reply
  21. Dallas Tippie says

    December 13, 2021 at 9:49 pm

    I would love to raise these!

    Reply
  22. Ragnar Strait says

    December 13, 2021 at 9:57 pm

    Science

    Reply
  23. Alex Merida says

    December 14, 2021 at 1:18 am

    Great information. Thanks algaebarn.

    Reply
  24. Tony Mutti says

    December 14, 2021 at 6:18 am

    The key to success in a reef tank is bio diversity.

    Reply
  25. Michgander reefer says

    December 14, 2021 at 6:21 am

    Great article

    Reply
  26. jhoffman says

    December 14, 2021 at 6:38 am

    Great information!

    Reply
  27. Menezes Industries says

    December 14, 2021 at 7:20 am

    this sounds cool, I should use them in my tank

    Reply
  28. Michael Pimental says

    December 14, 2021 at 7:42 am

    Love what it does for my echo system.

    Reply
  29. thedannorwood says

    December 14, 2021 at 8:03 am

    Wow!

    Reply
  30. Tanya Hayward says

    December 14, 2021 at 8:25 am

    Interesting article to read but I’m still not sure how this plays into the typical Fowlr aquarium.

    Reply
  31. heffeweissen says

    December 14, 2021 at 8:35 am

    Good info!

    Reply
  32. Matt Howland says

    December 14, 2021 at 9:38 am

    good info

    Reply
  33. Reginald(DJ) Kimble says

    December 14, 2021 at 9:50 am

    I never knew this, great article!

    Reply
  34. William Zuk says

    December 14, 2021 at 10:54 am

    Great article. Will look at how to incorporate in my tank.

    Reply
  35. James says

    December 14, 2021 at 2:23 pm

    Neat

    Reply
  36. Charles Folstrom says

    December 14, 2021 at 2:30 pm

    I should use them in my tank. Great article.

    Reply
  37. Patricia Norris says

    December 14, 2021 at 3:10 pm

    Very informative article about the small things of our systems.

    Reply
  38. Tiffany Hook says

    December 14, 2021 at 4:45 pm

    Great info thanks for sharing now I understand what I need better.

    Reply
  39. Tiffany Hook says

    December 14, 2021 at 4:45 pm

    Great info thanks for sharing now I understand what I need better.

    Reply
  40. Freddie Coleman says

    December 14, 2021 at 5:07 pm

    Great read!!!

    Reply
  41. Matt Armstrong says

    December 14, 2021 at 6:36 pm

    Great read ?

    Reply
  42. Teresa Hand says

    December 15, 2021 at 3:08 am

    Pods everyone needs them

    Reply
  43. Damian Thompson says

    December 15, 2021 at 8:10 am

    Good info

    Reply
  44. Griffin A says

    December 15, 2021 at 1:15 pm

    cant argue with my full fish

    Reply
    • Griffin A says

      December 15, 2021 at 1:16 pm

      .

      Reply
  45. Troy Feeken says

    December 15, 2021 at 2:24 pm

    +1

    Reply
  46. Mindy Nasi says

    December 15, 2021 at 5:42 pm

    As always very great and useful information thanks!

    Reply
  47. Christopher Snyder says

    December 15, 2021 at 9:49 pm

    Love it

    Reply
  48. Christopher Snyder says

    December 15, 2021 at 9:51 pm

    Great read loved it

    Reply
  49. jr kiatvorakun says

    December 16, 2021 at 12:05 am

    Battling Dinos with this

    Reply
  50. Arthur says

    December 16, 2021 at 12:13 am

    Um, can I just get some pods please?

    Reply
  51. Keith Schoenfeldt says

    December 16, 2021 at 9:46 am

    Great product

    Reply
  52. Joshua Dugger says

    December 16, 2021 at 4:23 pm

    good article

    Reply
  53. Joshua Dugger says

    December 16, 2021 at 4:50 pm

    Very cool.

    Reply
  54. Larry Brazzell says

    December 16, 2021 at 5:46 pm

    Good stuff.

    Reply
  55. Larry Brazzell says

    December 16, 2021 at 5:46 pm

    Good stuff.

    Reply
  56. Larry Brazzell says

    December 16, 2021 at 5:46 pm

    Good stuff.

    Reply
  57. Larry Brazzell says

    December 16, 2021 at 5:46 pm

    Good stuff.

    Reply
  58. Larry Brazzell says

    December 16, 2021 at 5:46 pm

    Good stuff.

    Reply
  59. Larry Brazzell says

    December 16, 2021 at 5:46 pm

    Good stuff.

    Reply
  60. Larry Brazzell says

    December 16, 2021 at 5:46 pm

    Good stuff.

    Reply
  61. Larry K Brazzell says

    December 16, 2021 at 6:02 pm

    I never knew this.

    Reply
  62. Boy On The Shore says

    December 17, 2021 at 1:54 am

    I might buy some pods for my red scooter blenny

    Reply
  63. Larry K Brazzell says

    December 17, 2021 at 6:37 am

    Savages. Never knew about their diet.

    Reply
  64. Larry K Brazzell says

    December 17, 2021 at 6:38 am

    Savages. Never knew about their diet.

    Reply
  65. Eric says

    December 17, 2021 at 6:39 am

    Yummy

    Reply
  66. Jorge Cabrera says

    December 17, 2021 at 4:58 pm

    Very interesting article.

    Reply
  67. Peter Davis says

    December 17, 2021 at 8:53 pm

    Great article

    Reply
  68. Jose says

    December 18, 2021 at 6:52 am

    Great post. Thanks for the info!

    Reply
  69. Bob Trimper says

    December 18, 2021 at 7:52 am

    Thanks!

    Reply
  70. Ryan says

    December 19, 2021 at 10:19 pm

    Great article!
    Very educational.

    Reply
  71. Tom Harbin says

    December 20, 2021 at 2:07 pm

    Very well presented and informational. It really helped explain the interactions of the various micro/nano players on a reef.

    Reply
  72. jeff.hershner says

    December 20, 2021 at 2:57 pm

    Copepods are a great way to identify a healthy tank.

    Reply
  73. Scott Wayne Christenson says

    December 20, 2021 at 4:36 pm

    Very useful info, thank you

    Reply
  74. Scott Wayne Christenson says

    December 20, 2021 at 4:38 pm

    Very useful info, thank you folks

    Reply
  75. Chad Parks says

    December 20, 2021 at 5:42 pm

    Great information. Thank you

    Reply
  76. Jeffrey Gaddie says

    December 20, 2021 at 5:58 pm

    Terrific info

    Reply
  77. Jeffrey Gaddie says

    December 20, 2021 at 6:04 pm

    Good read

    Reply
  78. stephen miller says

    December 20, 2021 at 6:19 pm

    Awesome

    Reply
  79. Edgar Diaz says

    December 20, 2021 at 7:33 pm

    Awesome article thanks!

    Reply
  80. George S says

    December 20, 2021 at 8:19 pm

    Great article good read

    Reply
  81. Alice Peach says

    December 21, 2021 at 7:30 am

    Trying to recreate the ocean.

    Reply
  82. bhebbler says

    December 21, 2021 at 9:52 am

    Interesting article

    Reply
  83. stephen doerr says

    December 21, 2021 at 10:25 am

    I am a believer!

    Reply
  84. Jahr Turchan says

    December 21, 2021 at 10:33 am

    Always awesome info. These blogs are great!

    Reply
  85. Shawn Cypher says

    December 21, 2021 at 12:19 pm

    Yay

    Reply
  86. Christie Frazier says

    December 21, 2021 at 1:03 pm

    Love learning new things!

    Reply
  87. Christine says

    December 21, 2021 at 5:32 pm

    Interesting

    Reply
  88. Eric Mamola says

    December 21, 2021 at 6:04 pm

    That’s good to know thanks.

    Reply
  89. David Todorov says

    December 21, 2021 at 11:06 pm

    Anther good article

    Reply
  90. Eric says

    December 22, 2021 at 9:55 pm

    Nice info

    Reply
  91. Greg Leinweber says

    December 23, 2021 at 8:57 am

    Good info

    Reply
  92. Desiree says

    December 24, 2021 at 7:58 pm

    Always something new to learn!

    Reply
  93. jason bohr says

    December 27, 2021 at 2:15 pm

    wish i learned this type of science in school

    Reply
  94. Martin Robinson says

    December 27, 2021 at 2:38 pm

    Great company

    Reply
  95. justan jenkins says

    December 27, 2021 at 2:57 pm

    facinating creatures

    Reply
  96. Amanda Rasberry says

    December 28, 2021 at 12:03 am

    🙂

    Reply
  97. Matt says

    December 28, 2021 at 10:16 am

    Great info!

    Reply
  98. Kevin Johnson says

    December 28, 2021 at 8:05 pm

    A lot of good info here.

    Reply
  99. Jerome Morignot says

    December 29, 2021 at 12:57 am

    Looking forward to growing my population and biodiversity

    Reply
  100. Jason Williams says

    December 29, 2021 at 1:18 pm

    Love reading about the invisible world that makes ocean reefs possible.

    Reply
  101. sdpyle says

    December 31, 2021 at 10:07 am

    Thanks for the awesome info you provide the community!.

    Reply
  102. Dusty says

    December 31, 2021 at 11:48 pm

    Very informative

    Reply

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